Symmetry Lab — point groups and symmetry elements in 3D

63 molecules in 18 point groups. Pick a molecule, turn it with your finger or mouse, and switch each symmetry element on to see its axis or plane. Every element shown has been checked against the molecule’s own coordinates.

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MoleculeShapePoint groupSymmetry operationsOrder
NH₃
Ammonia
Trigonal pyramidalC3vE, 2C₃, 3σᵥ6
CH₄
Methane
TetrahedralTdE, 8C₃, 3C₂, 6S₄, 6σd24
MgCl₂
Magnesium chloride (gas-phase molecule)
LinearD∞hE, 2C∞, ∞σᵥ, i, 2S∞, ∞C₂∞
PCl₅
Phosphorus pentachloride (gas-phase molecule)
Trigonal bipyramidalD3hE, 2C₃, 3C₂, σh, 2S₃, 3σᵥ12
SF₆
Sulfur hexafluoride
OctahedralOhE, 8C₃, 6C₂′, 6C₄, 3C₂, i, 6S₄, 8S₆, 3σh, 6σd48
AlCl₃
Aluminium chloride (monomer)
Trigonal planarD3hE, 2C₃, 3C₂, σh, 2S₃, 3σᵥ12
H₂O
Water
Bent (V-shaped)C2vE, C₂, σᵥ(xz), σᵥ′(yz)4
SF₄
Sulfur tetrafluoride
See-sawC2vE, C₂, σᵥ(xz), σᵥ′(yz)4
SF₂
Sulfur difluoride
Bent (V-shaped)C2vE, C₂, σᵥ(xz), σᵥ′(yz)4
XeO₂
Xenon dioxide (as an isolated molecule)
Bent (V-shaped)C2vE, C₂, σᵥ(xz), σᵥ′(yz)4
CO₂
Carbon dioxide
LinearD∞hE, 2C∞, ∞σᵥ, i, 2S∞, ∞C₂∞
HCN
Hydrogen cyanide
LinearC∞vE, 2C∞, ∞σᵥ∞
C₂H₂
Acetylene (ethyne)
LinearD∞hE, 2C∞, ∞σᵥ, i, 2S∞, ∞C₂∞
XeF₂
Xenon difluoride
LinearD∞hE, 2C∞, ∞σᵥ, i, 2S∞, ∞C₂∞
N₂O
Nitrous oxide
LinearC∞vE, 2C∞, ∞σᵥ∞
HCl
Hydrogen chloride
LinearC∞vE, 2C∞, ∞σᵥ∞
N₂
Dinitrogen
LinearD∞hE, 2C∞, ∞σᵥ, i, 2S∞, ∞C₂∞
BF₃
Boron trifluoride
Trigonal planarD3hE, 2C₃, 3C₂, σh, 2S₃, 3σᵥ12
SO₃
Sulfur trioxide
Trigonal planarD3hE, 2C₃, 3C₂, σh, 2S₃, 3σᵥ12
NO₃⁻
Nitrate ion
Trigonal planarD3hE, 2C₃, 3C₂, σh, 2S₃, 3σᵥ12
CO₃²⁻
Carbonate ion
Trigonal planarD3hE, 2C₃, 3C₂, σh, 2S₃, 3σᵥ12
PF₅
Phosphorus pentafluoride
Trigonal bipyramidalD3hE, 2C₃, 3C₂, σh, 2S₃, 3σᵥ12
Fe(CO)₅
Iron pentacarbonyl
Trigonal bipyramidalD3hE, 2C₃, 3C₂, σh, 2S₃, 3σᵥ12
SO₂
Sulfur dioxide
Bent (V-shaped)C2vE, C₂, σᵥ(xz), σᵥ′(yz)4
O₃
Ozone
Bent (V-shaped)C2vE, C₂, σᵥ(xz), σᵥ′(yz)4
NO₂
Nitrogen dioxide
Bent (V-shaped)C2vE, C₂, σᵥ(xz), σᵥ′(yz)4
H₂S
Hydrogen sulfide
Bent (V-shaped)C2vE, C₂, σᵥ(xz), σᵥ′(yz)4
PCl₃
Phosphorus trichloride
Trigonal pyramidalC3vE, 2C₃, 3σᵥ6
NF₃
Nitrogen trifluoride
Trigonal pyramidalC3vE, 2C₃, 3σᵥ6
XeO₃
Xenon trioxide
Trigonal pyramidalC3vE, 2C₃, 3σᵥ6
CHCl₃
Chloroform
Tetrahedral (one H, three Cl)C3vE, 2C₃, 3σᵥ6
CH₃Cl
Chloromethane
Tetrahedral (three H, one Cl)C3vE, 2C₃, 3σᵥ6
POCl₃
Phosphoryl chloride
Tetrahedral (three-fold)C3vE, 2C₃, 3σᵥ6
CCl₄
Carbon tetrachloride
TetrahedralTdE, 8C₃, 3C₂, 6S₄, 6σd24
SiH₄
Silane
TetrahedralTdE, 8C₃, 3C₂, 6S₄, 6σd24
NH₄⁺
Ammonium ion
TetrahedralTdE, 8C₃, 3C₂, 6S₄, 6σd24
SO₄²⁻
Sulfate ion
TetrahedralTdE, 8C₃, 3C₂, 6S₄, 6σd24
ClO₄⁻
Perchlorate ion
TetrahedralTdE, 8C₃, 3C₂, 6S₄, 6σd24
XeO₄
Xenon tetroxide
TetrahedralTdE, 8C₃, 3C₂, 6S₄, 6σd24
Ni(CO)₄
Nickel tetracarbonyl
TetrahedralTdE, 8C₃, 3C₂, 6S₄, 6σd24
Cr(CO)₆
Chromium hexacarbonyl
OctahedralOhE, 8C₃, 6C₂′, 6C₄, 3C₂, i, 6S₄, 8S₆, 3σh, 6σd48
XeF₄
Xenon tetrafluoride
Square planarD4hE, 2C₄, C₂, 2C₂′, 2C₂″, i, 2S₄, σh, 2σᵥ, 2σd16
[PtCl₄]²⁻
Tetrachloroplatinate(II) ion
Square planarD4hE, 2C₄, C₂, 2C₂′, 2C₂″, i, 2S₄, σh, 2σᵥ, 2σd16
ClF₃
Chlorine trifluoride
T-shapedC2vE, C₂, σᵥ(xz), σᵥ′(yz)4
BrF₃
Bromine trifluoride
T-shapedC2vE, C₂, σᵥ(xz), σᵥ′(yz)4
BrF₅
Bromine pentafluoride
Square pyramidalC4vE, 2C₄, C₂, 2σᵥ, 2σd8
IF₅
Iodine pentafluoride
Square pyramidalC4vE, 2C₄, C₂, 2σᵥ, 2σd8
XeOF₄
Xenon oxytetrafluoride
Square pyramidalC4vE, 2C₄, C₂, 2σᵥ, 2σd8
IF₇
Iodine heptafluoride
Pentagonal bipyramidalD5hE, 2C₅, 2C₅², 5C₂, σh, 2S₅, 2S₅³, 5σᵥ20
C₆H₆
Benzene
Planar hexagonal ringD6hE, 2C₆, 2C₃, C₂, 3C₂′, 3C₂″, i, 2S₃, 2S₆, σh, 3σd, 3σᵥ24
C₂H₄
Ethylene (ethene)
PlanarD2hE, C₂(z), C₂(y), C₂(x), i, σ(xy), σ(xz), σ(yz)8
C₃H₄
Allene (propadiene)
Two perpendicular CH₂ planesD2dE, 2S₄, C₂, 2C₂′, 2σd8
C₃H₆
Cyclopropane
Planar three-membered ringD3hE, 2C₃, 3C₂, σh, 2S₃, 3σᵥ12
C₆H₁₂
Cyclohexane (chair)
ChairD3dE, 2C₃, 3C₂, i, 2S₆, 3σd12
C₂H₆ (staggered)
Ethane, staggered
StaggeredD3dE, 2C₃, 3C₂, i, 2S₆, 3σd12
C₂H₆ (eclipsed)
Ethane, eclipsed
EclipsedD3hE, 2C₃, 3C₂, σh, 2S₃, 3σᵥ12
H₂O₂
Hydrogen peroxide
Open book (skew)C2E, C₂2
N₂F₂ (trans)
trans-Difluorodiazene
Planar, transC2hE, C₂, i, σh4
N₂F₂ (cis)
cis-Difluorodiazene
Planar, cisC2vE, C₂, σᵥ(xz), σᵥ′(yz)4
CH₂Cl₂
Dichloromethane
Tetrahedral (two H, two Cl)C2vE, C₂, σᵥ(xz), σᵥ′(yz)4
CH₂O
Formaldehyde (methanal)
Trigonal planarC2vE, C₂, σᵥ(xz), σᵥ′(yz)4
SOCl₂
Thionyl chloride
Trigonal pyramidal (three different positions)CsE, σ2
CHFClBr
Bromochlorofluoromethane
Tetrahedral (four different groups)C1E1

Want more molecules? The Symmetry@Otterbein gallery ↗ from Otterbein University has a large set, grouped by point group.